Task 1. Mark the following statements as true or false.

1. Substitution and ellipsis are the linking devices that make texts economical. true
false

2. Referring back in a text to a previously mentioned item is known as cataphoric reference, while referring to something later in the sentence is anaphoric one. true
false

3. The most common substitutes are pronouns, auxiliaries or modals, and verbs of mental perception with so. true
false

4. The pronoun one can replace both countable and uncountable nouns after adjectives or demonstratives. true
false

5. Do so (and not do it / do that) is preferably used when we are referring to an activity rather than a single, specific action. true
false

6. Nouns or pronouns can be omitted in the second of the two conjoins and can't be left out in subordinate clauses. true
false

7. The thematic-rhematic relations in a sentence build the essence of the information principle. true
false

8. The end-weight principle is more important in the text than the information principle. true
false

9. Parallelism is the use of a noun summarizing the previous information. true
false

10. Both a colon and a long dash can be used to introduce an explanation or expansion. true
false

Task 2. In the sentences below identify the cases of substitution, ellipsis, end-focus, end-weight, fronting, nominalization, parallelism.

1. This she fully intended to do.
2. The film director's house looks like a Hollywood movie set. Its striking appearance elevated to a grand scale astonished me.
3. It's hard to believe that you are leaving us for such a long stretch of time.
4. Someone parked a large furniture van last night right outside our front door.
5. I don't want to live on in my work. I want to live on in my apartment.
6. Vanessa had to leave her children and come running, nurses had to be hired, rest homes interviewed, transport accomplished.
7. The real problem is the rate at which the American people are using up the world's supply of irreplaceable fossil fuels and their refusal to admit that the supply is limited.
8. The bus service was very unreliable when I was young, and it remains so even today.
9. I went to the mall on Monday, and she on Sunday.
10. What you should do is this.

Task 3. Choose the correct variant. In some cases punctuation marks are important.

1. My mother likes watching ‘Chopped', to eat out with her family at a restaurant, and has her family over to cook, too.
My mother likes watching ‘Chopped', eating out with her family at a restaurant, and having her family over to cook, too.

2. The discovery of a baby mammal in Siberia has provided biochemists, anthropologists, immunologists, zoologists, and paleontologists with ample material.
The discovery of a baby mammal in Siberia has provided ample material for biochemists, anthropologists, immunologists, zoologists, and paleontologists.

3. The ringleader was hanged, and his accomplices imprisoned.
The ringleader was hanged, and his accomplices were imprisoned.

4. Gelatine is what I need for making jam, but I have none.
Gelatine is what I need for making jam, but I don't have one.

5. ‘What does ‘integrated circuit' mean?' asked the lecturer. [BrE]
‘What does “integrated circuit” mean?' asked the lecturer. [BrE]

6. – I think he might have done that. – So he might.
– I think he might have done that. – So might he.

7. I'll get something to drink, but I'm not sure what.
I'll get something to drink, but I'm not sure what I'll get to drink.

8. – Will Megan be at the meeting today? – I don't think so.
– Will Megan be at the meeting today? – I think not.

9. ‘Thinking back,' she said ‘he didn't expect to win.'
‘Thinking back,' she said, ‘he didn't expect to win.'

10. It's a well-known fact that Alex is more soft-spoken than she.
It's a well-known fact that Alex is more soft-spoken than her.

Task 4. Complete the following sentences using the most appropriate linking expression in the box. Each of them can be used only once.

on the contrary	therefore	eventually	similarly	furthermore
nevertheless	on the other hand	at last	what's more	finally

1. The audience waited patiently for the delayed performance to start. the curtain rose.
2. It was a brilliant game. , we didn't have to pay to get in!
3. The team haven't been playing too well. , they are expected to win this afternoon.
4. This new computer has a better monitor. Its memory is twice as large as the current one and we can use the internet with it. , its software will make our job so much easier.
5. The report is expected to be critical of the industry. , it is likely to recommend extensive changes to production.
6. If they study hard, they'll pass. , if they don't, they will fail.
7. We waited ages for a bus. we decided to walk home.
8. Alex enjoys telling jokes; , his son adores funny stories.
9. Factories pollute the atmosphere. , governments must oblige them to look for cleaner methods of production.
10. I'm not tired at all. , I'm feeling full of energy.

Task 5. Translate the underlined parts into English using the appropriate cohesive devices, sentence linkers and punctuation marks.

1. – I've grown to like sugary yogurt. – А я предпочитаю натуральный йогурт .
2. 4 июля 1776 года was an important day in American history.
3. I bet you get married раньше меня .
4. – We are out of salt. – Действительно .
5. This was one of the largest exhibitions of its kind. К тому же , it was the only one dealing with solely British made products.
6. – Will Megan be at the meeting today? – Думаю, да .
7. Generally, it is better to eat eggs moderately чем избегать их полностью .
8. ‘I don't know the meaning of half those long words, and, скажу больше , I don't believe что ты тоже знаешь !'
9. A high birth-rate is accompanied by high mortality; и наоборот , when one is low, so is the other.

Correct answers	Mark
50–48	10
47–46	9
45–44	8
43–39	7
38–34	6
33–29	5
28–25	4
24–21	3
20–16	2
under 16 points gained	1

TEST 15

Making Texts. Punctuation